FTP Explained | File Transfer Protocol | Cisco CCNA 200-301

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FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol, and it does pretty much what it says on the tin. It’s a protocol used to transfer files across a network.

FTP uses a client-server model. The server hosts the files and the client can connect, download files, upload files, delete files, rename files and list directories.

There are a few ways you can access an FTP server.

The first way is through a browser. You can type in the FTP server address.

Another way we can connect to an FTP server is via the windows file explorer. Again, we need to type the address into the bar at the top of the screen.

The third and the most popular way to access an FTP server is via an FTP client. Probably the most popular FTP client is called FileZilla.

FTP uses transport protocol TCP. So like any other TCP protocol, the connection starts with a three-way handshake. Once we have completed our handshake, we have now opened a connection with the FTP server.

FTP uses two different connections. This first one is the control connection. The control connection handles all of the FTP commands and instructions such as GET and PUT commands.

When we want to start transferring files, a new connection is opened,
this is called a data connection. There are two different types of data connections.

Active data connections are established by the server initiating the session. It does this from a source port of 20 and uses a randomly generated dynamic destination port.

Passive data connection are established by the client initiating the session, not the server. Randomly generated and agreed source and destination port numbers are used.

Because FTP was designed such a long time ago, it lacks even some of the most basic security features we see today, most notably, encryption. This means all communication between the FTP client and server is sent in cleartext. That includes login credentials.

So why would anyone use FTP if it has such a massive security flaw like plain text transmission? Well, you shouldn’t! Instead, you should use something called FTPS instead. FTPS, also known as FTP Secure, is an extension to FTP adding a layer of security. FTPS uses TLS which is an encryption protocol used to keep our data safe and away from the prying eyes of hackers.

OK, so the last type of FTP protocol I want to talk about is TFTP. Unlike FTPS which was an extension of FTP, TFTP goes back the other way. TFTP stands for Trivial File Transfer Protocol and it’s pretty much a stripped back version of FTP. To keep it fast and lightweight, TFTP uses UDP port 69. It also doesn’t have any of the bells and whistles of standard FTP.

TFTP can be very handy is in a local network for very basic transfers. You can use a TFTP server to quickly backup a Cisco iOS image or a configuration file for example.

#ccna #cisco #networking