IPv6 Addressing and Subnetting

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Time for some real talk. Here’s the hard truth. The IANA is out of IP addresses. When IPv4 was first developed, a 32-bit number was chosen to represent
the address for a node on a network. The Internet was in its infancy, and no one really expected it to explode
in popularity the way it has. 32-bits were chosen, but
it’s just not enough space for the number of Internet connected
devices we have in the world. IPv6 was developed exactly
because of this issue. By the mid 1990s, it was more and more
obvious that we were going to run out of IPv4 address space at some point, so
a new Internet Protocol was developed. Internet Protocol version 6, or IPv6. You might wonder what happened
to version 5, or IPv5. It’s actually a fun bit of trivia. IPv5 was an experimental protocol that
introduced the concept of connections. It never really saw wide adoption, and connection state was handled better
later on by the transport layer and TCP. Even though IPv5 is mostly
a relic of history, when development of IPv6 started, the
consensus was to not reuse the IPv5 name. The biggest difference between IPv4 and
IPv6 is the number of bits reserved for an address,
while IPv4 addresses are 32 bits, meaning there can be around 4.2
billion individual addresses. IPv6 addresses are 128 bits in size. This size difference is staggering,
once you do the math. Don’t worry, we won’t make you. 2 to the power of 128 would
produce a 39 digit long number. That number range has a name you’ve
probably never even heard of, an Undecillion. An Undecillion isn’t a number you
hear a lot, because it’s ginormous. There really aren’t things
that exist at that scale. Some guesses on the total number of atoms
that make up the entire planet Earth and every single thing on it
get into that number range. That should tell you we’re talking
about a very, very large number. If we can give every atom on
Earth its own IP address, we’ll probably be okay when it comes to
network devices for a very long time. Just for fun, let’s look at what
that number actually looks like. It looks like this. Whoa, mind blowing, right? Just like how an IPv4 address is
really just a 32-bit binary number, IPv6 addresses are really just
a hundred 28-bit binary numbers. IPv4 addresses are written out in
four octets of decimal numbers, just to make them a little
more readable for humans. But trying to do the same for
an IPv6 address just wouldn’t work. Instead, IPv6 addresses are usually
written out as 8 groups of 16-bits each. Each one of these groups is further
made up of four hexadecimal numbers. A full IPv6 address might
look something like this. That’s still way too long, so IPv6 has a notation method that
lets us break that down even more. A way to show how many IPv6 addresses
there are is by looking at our example IP. Every single IPv6 address that begins
with 2001:0db8 has been reserved for documentation, in education, or for
books and courses, just like this one. That’s over 18 quintillion addresses, much larger than the entire IPv4 address
space reserved just for this purpose. There are two rules when it comes
to shortening an IPv6 address. The first is that you can remove
any leading zeros from a group. The second is that any number of
consecutive groups composed of just zeros can be replaced with two colons. I should call out that this can only
happen once for any specific address. Otherwise, you couldn’t know exactly how
many zeros were replaced by the double colons. For this IP,
we could apply the first rule, and remove all leading zeros from each group. This would leave us with this. Once we apply the second rule, which is to
replace consecutive sections containing just zeros with two colons,
we’ll end up with this. This still isn’t as readable
as an IPv4 address, but it’s a good system that helps
reduce the length a little bit. We can see this approach taken to
the extreme with IPv6 loopback address. You might remember that with IPv4,
this address is 127.0.0.1. With IPv6, the loopback address

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